#e <t>dynasty<d>305<e>49<n>Ptolemaic dynasty<c>Alexandria<info>Following the death of @Alexander the Great@@, the empire he had conquered broke into several parts. One of his generals, @Ptolemy@Ptolemy I@, took control of Egypt. The Egyptian dynasty of Macedonian descent that Ptolemy began lasted from 305 until 49 B.C.
#p <nat>Macedonian<o>general<o>king<n>Ptolemy I<aka>Ptolemy Lagi Soter<b>367(1)<ac>305<d>285<c>Macedon<mov>323<c>Alexandria<info>Ptolemy was one of @Alexander the Great@@'s generals. He began Egypt's @Macedonian dynasty@Ptolemaic dynasty@.
#p <nat>Egyptian<o>king<n>Ptolemy II<aka>Ptolemy Philadelphus<b>309<ac>285<d>246<fa>Ptolemy I<c>Alexandria<info>Ptolemy II was an Egyptian ruler of the @Ptolemaic dynasty@@. He gave his daughter Berenice in marriage to @Antiochus II@@, the Seleucid ruler of Syria.
#p <nat>Egyptian<o>king<n>Ptolemy III<aka>Ptolemy Euergetes<b>282(1)<ac>246<d>221<fa>Ptolemy II<c>Alexandria<info>Ptolemy III was an Egyptian ruler of the @Ptolemaic dynasty@@.
#p <nat>Egyptian<o>king<n>Ptolemy IV<aka>Ptolemy Philopater<b>244(1)<ac>221<d>203<fa>Ptolemy III<c>Alexandria<info>Ptolemy IV was an Egyptian ruler of the @Ptolemaic dynasty@@.
#p <nat>Egyptian<o>king<n>Ptolemy V<aka>Ptolemy Epiphanes<b>210(1)<ac>203<d>181<fa>Ptolemy IV<c>Alexandria<info>Ptolemy V was an Egyptian ruler of the @Ptolemaic dynasty@@. He married Cleopatra I, the daughter of @Antiochus III@@, the Seleucid ruler of Syria.
#e <t>archaeology<d>196<n>Rosetta Stone carved<c>Egypt<info>The Rosetta Stone is a block of black basalt bearing inscriptions that eventually supplied the key to the decipherment of the Egyptian hieroglyphic script. Its inscriptions record a decree issued in 196 B.C. under @Ptolemy V@@. They are written in two languages, Egyptian and Greek. The Egyptian version is written twice, once in hieroglyphics and once in demotic, a cursive development of the hieroglyphic script.
#p <nat>Egyptian<o>king<n>Ptolemy VI<aka>Ptolemy Philometor<b>190(5)<ac>181<d>146<fa>Ptolemy V<c>Alexandria<info>Ptolemy VI was an Egyptian ruler of the @Ptolemaic dynasty@@.
#p <nat>Egyptian<o>king<n>Ptolemy VII<aka>Ptolemy Neos Philopator<b>155(5)<ac>146<d>145<fa>Ptolemy VI<c>Alexandria<info>Ptolemy VII was an Egyptian ruler of the @Ptolemaic dynasty@@. He was assassinated by his uncle @Ptolemy VIII@@.
#p <nat>Egyptian<o>king<n>Ptolemy VIII<b>182<ac>145<d>116<fa>Ptolemy V<c>Alexandria<info>Ptolemy VIII was an Egyptian ruler of the @Ptolemaic dynasty@@. He was coruler with his brother @Ptolemy VI@@ from 170 to 164 B.C. and king of Cyrenaica from 163 to 145 B.C. He assassinated his nephew, @Ptolemy VII@@, in 145 B.C., and was sole king of Egypt from 145 to 116. Ptolemy and one of his two wives fought a civil war from 131 to 124 B.C. that disrupted internal stability until 118; but he was able to retain control of Cyprus and Cyrenaica.<ref>Grolier
#p <nat>Egyptian<o>king<n>Ptolemy IX<ac>107<d>88<c>Alexandria<info>Ptolemy VI was an Egyptian ruler of the @Ptolemaic dynasty@@.
#p <nat>Egyptian<o>king<n>Ptolemy XI<ac>81<d>80<c>Alexandria<info>Ptolemy XI was a @Ptolemaic@Ptolemaic dynasty@ ruler of Egypt.
#p <nat>Egyptian<o>king<n>Ptolemy XII<aka>Ptolemy Auletes<b>112(1)<ac>80<d>51<fa>Ptolemy IX<c>Alexandria<info>Ptolemy XII was an Egyptian ruler of the @Ptolemaic dynasty@@.
#p <nat>Egyptian<o>king<n>Ptolemy XIII<b>63<ac>51<d>47<fa>Ptolemy XII<c>Alexandria<info>Ptolemy XIII was an Egyptian ruler of the @Ptolemaic dynasty@@.
#p <nat>Egyptian<o>queen<n>Cleopatra VII<b>69<ac>51<ab>49<d>30<fa>Ptolemy XII<c>Alexandria<info>Cleopatra VII was the last @Ptolemaic@Ptolemaic dynasty@ ruler of Egypt. She fell in love with @Julius Caesar@@ and later with @Mark Antony@@. Antony presented large territories to her as gifts, on which @Blaise Pascal@@ later commented that "had Cleopatra's nose been shorter, the whole face of the world would have been changed." Cleopatra committed suicide in 30 B.C. Following her death the Romans took over Egypt.
